体育山东省田管中心开展“学雷锋 树新风”主题党日暨志愿服务
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2024 / 11 / 22
(英文部分选自散文《体育精神》 乔治·奥威尔 著)
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原创译文,本文难度较小,专业术语少,故标注在每段底下。
(1)Now that the brief visit of the Dynamo football team has come to an end, it is possible to say publicly what many thinking people were saying privately before the Dynamos ever arrived. That is, that sport is an unfailing cause of ill-will, and that if such a visit as this had any effect at all on Anglo-Soviet relations, it could only be to make them slightly worse than before.
和迪纳摩队的短暂切磋告一段落,送走了他们,现在我们可以把一些事公之于众了,在球队来访之前,这些事可是万万不可明说的。这些思维活跃的人认为,体育是万恶之源,产生源源不断的敌意:此次切磋,轻微损害了英苏两国的外交关系。
【词汇与背景知识】
FC Dynamo Moscow:莫斯科迪纳摩足球俱乐部,成立于1923年。是一家位于俄罗斯莫斯科的足球俱乐部,也是俄罗斯足球超级联赛球队之一。它的主体育场是莫斯科地区的莫斯科迪纳摩体育场,是和莫斯科中央陆军足球俱乐部共用希姆基竞技场。它是迪纳摩体育会的一个组成部分。
Anglo:英国人
(2)Even the newspapers have been unable to conceal the fact that at least two of the four matches played led to much bad feeling. At the Arsenal match, I am told by someone who was there, a British and a Russian player came to blows and the crowd booed the referee. The Glasgow match, someone else informs me, was simply a free-for-all from the start. And then there was the controversy, typical of our nationalistic age, about the composition of the Arsenal team. Was it really an all-England team, as claimed by the Russians, or merely a league team, as claimed by the British? And did the Dynamos end their tour abruptly in order to avoid playing an all-England team? As usual, everyone answers these questions according to his political predilections. Not quite everyone, however. I noted with interest, as an instance of the vicious passions that football provokes, that the sporting correspondent of the russophile News Chronicle took the anti-Russian line and maintained that Arsenal was not an all-England team. No doubt the controversy will continue to echo for years in the footnotes of history books. Meanwhile the result of the Dynamos' tour, in so far as it has had any result, will have been to create fresh animosity on both sides.
报纸都承认了这一结果:4场赛中,至少2场带来了不良情绪。我听说在他们与阿森纳队的比赛中,一名英国球员跟俄国球员在赛场上撕打起来,观众们对裁判也是十分不满,纷纷喝倒彩。而在对阵格拉斯哥的比赛中,我又听说这场比赛从一开始,就纪律混乱。而阿森纳队也引发了我们不小的争议,这也是很正常的,毕竟大家都很爱国:俄国人说它是正宗的英国队;英国人却说它只配踢踢联赛,打打杂;俄国队会因为与他们对垒的是“正宗英国队”而终止这场赛事吗?大家七嘴八舌,不过自己的政治立场还是非常鲜明的。大多数人都参与进来了,虽然还有些人在一旁观望。我也饶有兴致的注意到,一位来自亲俄《新闻编年报》的体育记者居然站在反俄的立场上,宣称阿森纳队根本不是“正宗英国队”。在历史的角落里,这场论战还会继续数年。而毫无疑问的是,俄国队的此次来访,必然在双方国家的账簿里新添了难以抹去的一笔。
【词汇与背景知识】
Arsenal F.C:阿森纳足球俱乐部,是一家位于英国首都伦敦北部伊斯灵顿社区的足球俱乐部。成立于1886年,是英格兰足球超级联赛球队之一,俱乐部基地位于伦敦荷洛。阿森纳是英格兰历史上最具规模的俱乐部之一,亦是英格兰顶级足球联赛停留得最久的俱乐部。自俱乐部成立以来,共夺得13次英格兰顶级联赛冠军,3次英超冠军,14次英格兰足总杯冠军和2次英格兰联赛杯冠军。
Rangers F.C.:格拉斯哥流浪者足球俱乐部,成立于1872年3月1日 ,是苏格兰超级联赛球队之一,球队主场位于格拉斯哥西南部的埃布罗克斯球场。与同城夙敌凯尔特人足球俱乐部的比赛即为世界足坛著名的“老字号德比”,两队垄断苏格兰联赛超过100年。2012年流浪者因债务被迫破产,球队重组,被罚入乙级联赛(苏格兰的第四级别联赛)重新开始。
blow:打击
boo:喝倒彩
predilection:喜好
russophile:亲俄派
animosity:恶意
(3)And how could it be otherwise? I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
不然呢?反正我是不信别人说的那一套,说体育会加深两国友谊,如果在球场上对垒,以后就不会在战场上兵戎相见。我觉得,就算是你不了解历史,比如1936年的奥运会就激发了强烈的仇恨,起码你可以从体育比赛的常识中推断出来吧。
【词汇与背景知识】
The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games:第11届夏季奥林匹克运动会即1936年柏林奥运会。1934年,在国际奥委会雅典会议上决定,恢复部分古代奥运会旧制。规定运动会期间,从开幕日期至闭幕式止,在主体场燃烧奥林匹克圣火。火种必须来自奥林匹亚,采取火炬接力方式从奥林匹亚传到主办国。从本届奥运会起,点燃奥林匹克火焰是每届奥运会开幕式不可缺少的仪式之一。
orgy:放纵
(4)Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved. it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe — at any rate for short periods — that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
所有的体育赛事,几乎都逃不了“竞技”二字。你来就是为了拿奖的,全力以赴,力争上游,来的才有意义。在农村的草坪上嬉戏,你和小伙伴们分成两队,你追我赶,这样的玩耍才称得上是为了放松,锻炼而玩的,不存在爱不爱国的问题。一旦上升到你个人荣誉的高度,你个人的输赢会影响到你的整个团队,那你心里最野蛮的斗争意识便唤醒了。哪怕你只踢过校内球赛,也能理解这种感受。国际球赛根本就是军事冲突的缩影。队员们的表现其实无关紧要,观众的态度才是最主要的:观众背后,其实是整个国家。面对这场荒唐的比赛,它们都怒不可遏,还煞有介事的以为,就这么短的时间,跑个步,跳个高,踢个球,居然可以判定它们孰优孰劣。
【词汇与背景知识】
village green:农村草坪
(5)Even a leisurely game like cricket, demanding grace rather than strength, can cause much ill-will, as we saw in the controversy over body-line bowling and over the rough tactics of the Australian team that visited England in 1921. Football, a game in which everyone gets hurt and every nation has its own style of play which seems unfair to foreigners, is far worse. Worst of all is boxing. One of the most horrible sights in the world is a fight between white and coloured boxers before a mixed audience. But a boxing audience is always disgusting, and the behaviour of the women, in particular, is such that the army, I believe, does not allow them to attend its contests. At any rate, two or three years ago, when Home Guards and regular troops were holding a boxing tournament, I was placed on guard at the door of the hall, with orders to keep the women out.
板球是一种轻松的体育项目,更看重选手的优雅,而不是力量。就连这种轻松的活动都能引发恶性情绪。比如1921年,澳大利亚队来英国比赛引发了不小的争议,他们的打法就是非常粗暴的快速投球。这还不算什么,足球这种每个国家玩法不一定运动才更要命,因为标准不一,所以可能会对外国人不公平;而且赛场上,受伤都是家常便饭。更恐怖的就是拳击了,黑白对手各站一边,观众也肤色不一,不过都不是什么好人,特别是女性,所以部队不许女性来看拳击赛。在两三年前,地方志愿军和正规军之间打过一次拳击赛,那时候我还是个门卫,把守着大门,不让妇女们进去。
【词汇与背景知识】
Home Guards:第二次世界大战时组织的英国地方军;地方志愿军
boxing audience is always disgusting:拳击运动是强对抗的运动,比赛时双方的对抗形势瞬息万变,要求运动员能在极短的时间内准确地了解对手的状况,同时还要迅速作出相应的判断并采取相应的行动,利用强有力的身体和娴熟的技术、多变的战术进行攻击和防守,并且要具有战胜对手的信心和勇敢顽强的意志品质,从而战胜对手。
以前,在观看拳击比赛的现场,观众拍照时用闪光灯,坐在前排的观众,向运动员挥舞和抛掷物品。和看其他体育比赛一样,在拳手击中对手的时候,怂恿运动员击打已经倒地的对手,起哄或者向失利的一方发出嘘声或吹口哨。
cricket:板球,又称木球,是一项锻炼手眼的协调能力,集上肢动作控制能力、技巧与力量为一体的综合性运动。比赛项目为团体赛。
body-line bowling:快速投球
(6)In England, the obsession with sport is bad enough, but even fiercer passions are aroused in young countries where games playing and nationalism are both recent developments. In countries like India or Burma, it is necessary at football matches to have strong cordons of police to keep the crowd from invading the field. In Burma, I have seen the supporters of one side break through the police and disable the goalkeeper of the opposing side at a critical moment.
英国人对体育的痴迷已经造成了一些恶劣影响,但在另外一些新生国家更为明显:它们的体育比赛刚起步,就夹杂着强烈的爱国主义因素。比如印度和缅甸,足球场都拉起警戒线,以防民众冲进场地。而在缅甸,就是警戒线都无法阻止狂热的观众,我亲眼看见在关键时刻,一群观众冲出警察的重围,殴打对方门将,致其残废。
【词汇与背景知识】
cordon:警戒线
The first big football match that was played in Spain about fifteen years ago led to an uncontrollable riot. As soon as strong feelings of rivalry are aroused, the notion of playing the game according to the rules always vanishes. People want to see one side on top and the other side humiliated, and they forget that victory gained through cheating or through the intervention of the crowd is meaningless. Even when the spectators don't intervene physically they try to influence the game by cheering their own side and “rattling” opposing players with boos and insults. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting.pg电子中国
回到欧洲,西班牙的第一场球赛,应该是15年前了,那次的冲突直接导致了一场暴乱。人们强烈的对抗意识一旦唤醒,怎么可能再继续老老实实的按着规则比赛呢?他们只想赢,看见己方胜出,好羞辱对方,殊不知通过作弊这样可耻的手段,获得的成绩再高,都是没有意义的。观众也是如此,不让亲身参与,他们就用欢呼的方式迎接己方球员,而用嘲讽的声音驱赶对方的队员。曾经的体育项目是严肃的,如今却连公平都做不到。它充斥着仇恨,嫉妒,骄傲,无视规则,以及观看暴力事件的变态快感:这简直就是一场战斗,只不过没有真枪实弹罢了。
【词汇与背景知识】
rattling:使...紧张
sadistic:虐待狂的
(7)Instead of blah-blahing about the clean, healthy rivalry of the football field and the great part played by the Olympic Games in bringing the nations together, it is more useful to inquire how and why this modern cult of sport arose. Most of the games we now play are of ancient origin, but sport does not seem to have been taken very seriously between Roman times and the nineteenth century. Even in the English public schools the games cult did not start till the later part of the last century.
说实话,整天嘚啵什么健康单纯的比赛,还说奥运会的最大好处就是加深国家间的友谊,在我看来根本没用,与其如此倒不如扪心自问,体育比赛的这些歪风邪气究竟从何而来。我们现在的比赛都是历史悠久的,但在古罗马,乃至19世纪,体育比赛都不是什么重要的事情。就算是英国公学,重视体育比赛的传统也是上世纪末刚刚开始。
【词汇与背景知识】
cult:邪典
Dr Arnold, generally regarded as the founder of the modern public school, looked on games as simply a waste of time. Then, chiefly in England and the United States, games were built up into a heavily-financed activity, capable of attracting vast crowds and rousing savage passions, and the infection spread from country to country. It is the most violently combative sports, football and boxing, that have spread the widest.
托马斯·阿诺德是英国现代公学之父,他本人就认为体育比赛纯属浪费时间。此后,比赛就成了需要大量资金支持的项目,吸引大量观众,激发人们的野蛮本性,随后这种风气就像病毒一样,一开始在英美,后来一个国家一个国家的感染。足球和拳击赛是暴力程度最大的,因而也传播的最广。
【词汇与背景知识】
Thomas Arnold:托马斯·阿诺德(1795—1842)英国近代教育家。1807年入文彻斯特公学。主要著作有《罗马史》和一些布道文章。
在他1840年3月18日写给文学家赫尔的信中写到“这场对中国的鸦片战争……我认为是邪恶的,对于一个国家这是无比重大的污点,使我深感悲叹。能否以请愿或其它方式唤醒人们对我们这可怕的罪行的认识?我实在不能在任何历史中找到如此不公与卑鄙。一般的侵略战争没有如此邪恶,一场为了维护走私的战争,并且是带给中国被他们禁止的伤风败俗毒品的走私,而我们为了赚钱以武力在这场冲突中以烧杀体现我们所谓优越感。”
There cannot be much doubt that the whole thing is bound up with the rise of nationalism — that is, with the lunatic modern habit of identifying oneself with large power units and seeing everything in terms of competitive prestige. Also, organised games are more likely to flourish in urban communities where the average human being lives a sedentary or at least a confined life, and does not get much opportunity for creative labour. In a rustic community a boy or young man works off a good deal of his surplus energy by walking, swimming, snowballing, climbing trees, riding horses, and by various sports involving cruelty to animals, such as fishing, cock-fighting and ferreting for rats.
不过这一切都因“爱国主义”而生:什么集体主义精神啦,带着功利的眼光看比赛啦,等等。而且这些组织好的比赛,我觉得在城区,会有更好的发展,因为那里的人都久坐不动,整天的生活都跟笼中鸟没什么区别,也不太可能从事什么创新型的工作。农村人就有很多寻开心的土办法:男孩子精力旺盛,就通过暴走,游泳,打雪仗,爬树,骑马消耗体力;有些就对动物比较残忍了:比如钓鱼,斗鸡,还有抓老鼠。
【词汇与背景知识】
rustic:乡村
ferret:寻找
In a big town one must indulge in group activities if one wants an outlet for one's physical strength or for one's sadistic impulses. Games are taken seriously in London and New York, and they were taken seriously in Rome and Byzantium: in the Middle Ages they were played, and probably played with much physical brutality, but they were not mixed up with politics nor a cause of group hatreds.
大城市里要想输出精力就不容易了,你得加入团队活动才行。伦敦纽约比较重视体育活动,就像以前,罗马和拜占庭也倡导体育:中世纪的时候,体育都是很原始野蛮的,就是这样,也没听说有多少比赛能激起深仇大恨,或是掺杂政治因素。
【词汇与背景知识】
Byzantium:拜占庭,即东罗马帝国,都城君士坦丁堡,是在希腊古城拜占庭的基础上建立起来的,到了皇帝查士丁尼在位时,又将北非以西、意大利和西班牙的东南并入版图。554年,击败法兰克王国,拜占廷帝国的国力达到顶峰。1204年,拜占廷帝国的首都君士坦丁堡曾被第四次十字军东征攻陷,直到1261年收复。1453年5月29日,奥斯曼帝国苏丹穆罕默德二世率军攻入君士坦丁堡(今为伊斯坦布尔),拜占廷帝国正式灭亡。
(8)If you wanted to add to the vast fund of ill-will existing in the world at this moment, you could hardly do it better than by a series of football matches between Jews and Arabs, Germans and Czechs, Indians and British, Russians and Poles, and Italians and Jugoslavs, each match to be watched by a mixed audience of 100,000 spectators. I do not, of course, suggest that sport is one of the main causes of international rivalry; big-scale sport is itself, I think, merely another effect of the causes that have produced nationalism. Still, you do make things worse by sending forth a team of eleven men, labelled as national champions, to do battle against some rival team, and allowing it to be felt on all sides that whichever nation is defeated will “lose face”.
如果你想让这个充满仇恨的世界再乱一点,你完全可以用举办球赛的方法:犹太队VS阿拉伯队,德国队VS捷克队,英国队VS印度队,俄国队VS波兰队,意大利队VS南斯拉夫队;每场比赛双方观众共10万人。我倒不是说比赛是两国矛盾的根源,我只是觉得这种大场面的比赛,本身就容易引发人们的爱国情怀。而且你派出的这11个队员,就算都是国内的天花板,和对手较量,输的一方“丢脸”,其实也无意之间加剧了双方的敌意。
【词汇与背景知识】
Jews and Arabs:说起中东的犹太人和阿拉伯人,绝大多数人都知道现在是敌对的状况。光是大的战争二战之后就发生了五次,其他的小规模战争更多非常多。关于犹太人和阿拉伯人之间的矛盾由来,可以说非常复杂。不仅有历史因素、还有民族因素、宗教因素、领土因素等。而且这个矛盾可以说形成的时间也比较久,因为双方在这片土地上生活了几千年的时间了。
首先需要说明的是,犹太人和阿拉伯人虽然是敌对关系,但是是同一个祖先的。犹太人和阿拉伯人都认为亚伯拉罕是自己的祖先,而且犹太教和伊斯兰教的有很多共同之处的。犹太人生活的地方是在巴勒斯坦地区,这是上帝应允他们的地方。后来在第七个荒年的时候逃到了埃及去,之后又在摩西的带领下回到了这个地方,开始建国。
关于犹太人我们总认为他们擅长经商,不过阿拉伯人当年也非常擅长经商,世界各地都有他们的影子。所以在很长一段时间内,阿拉伯人都掌控世界的贸易。而在巴勒斯坦地区阿拉伯人和犹太人都是和平相处的。一直到进入近代之后事情开始发生了变化。近代的时候犹太人越来越擅长经商。尤其是巴勒斯坦地区的犹太人多数都比较有钱。但是他们人数少,所以确实存在压榨阿拉伯人的现象。此时双方开始有了矛盾,不过并不严重。一战之后,矛盾开始激化了。
矛盾激化是多方面原因。第一是领土的减少。1921年英国以约旦河为界,把巴勒斯坦一分为二,西部仍称巴勒斯坦,东部建立外约旦酋。也就是说巴勒斯坦地区莫名其妙少了一半,而约旦又把自己领土上的犹太人和阿拉伯人都赶到巴勒斯坦了。第二是巴勒斯坦地区的犹太人急剧增加。在英国的支持下,大量的犹太人移民巴勒斯坦。阿拉伯人的生存空间是越来越难。第三就是二战后以色列和巴勒斯坦建国之后,可以说矛盾彻底激化了。整个阿拉伯世界开始联合起来反对犹太人,一直反对到现在。不过由于双方背后势力的原因,阿拉伯人一直没占到什么便宜。到目前为止都双方还是敌对状态。
Germans and Czechs:二战前捷克对苏台德地区日耳曼人进行迫害。捷克与德国之间的民族矛盾并引发的捷克人对日耳曼民族的野蛮事件,已经给希特勒的侵略落下了口实。纳粹入侵苏台德地区时,苏台德的德裔人曾热烈欢迎他们。
5月,德军从苏台德地区撤退,苏军和美军进驻这一地区,捷克各地对苏台德徳裔人的驱逐毫无秩序可言,实施者大多为地方政府官员或部队军人,这批人手段异常残忍,对苏台德德意志人进行了疯狂的报复。他们肆意掠夺苏台德德意志人的财产,对在战争期间追随党卫队的苏台德德意志人进行了非人的虐待。在这期间,苏台德地区依旧保留了保护国时期的粮食配给制度,但是苏台德德意志人被给予的可用粮食越来越少,致使很多人在这一期间饿死街头。除此之外,苏台德德意志人被禁止参加任何娱乐活动、只能在固定时间固定地点购物,并且,未经允许不准擅自更换居住区。
捷克的这一举动激起了苏台德德意志人的反抗,为了制止反抗者的行为,捷克政府在苏台德地区建立了1215个集中营,846个强制劳动所和纪律中心,以及215个监狱,对试图反抗的苏台德德意志人,视其罪行的轻重,分别予以关押。其中最有名的当数纳粹德国使用过的特莱西恩施塔集中营。自德国战败后,这一集中营便被捷克政府用来关押苏台德德意志人。里面关押的多是苏台德地区的儿童和青少年,他们受到的罪行较之前纳粹对犹太人实施的罪行如出一辙。无数的苏台德德意志人死于非命。
1945年5月30日夜,2万名德裔被集体性驱逐,强制他们步行56公里去奥地利。因为德裔成年男性都成了战俘,所以被强制行进的多是妇孺老幼。最惨的是,当他们终于到达边境,驻守的苏联军队却禁止他们过境,让他们返回。这一路确认的死亡人数达800名,这件事被称为“布尔诺死亡行军”。这一期间,成千上万的苏台德德意志人死于暴力事件、自杀或者是饥饿以及疾病。
此外,捷克人对苏台德德意志人的暴力屠杀事件时有发生。1945年6月18日,在从布希纳前往莫什捷尼采的火车上,265名苏台德德意志人(其中包括71名男子,120名女子,74名儿童)被捷克军人拽下火车,带到捷克郊外地区,被强迫为自己挖一个坟地。随后,这165名苏台德德意志人全部被射死。
Indians and British:英国与印度曾经是殖民者与被殖民者的关系,印巴独立后,印度又成为了英联邦成员。英国从17世纪初期,便开始对印度实施一系列的殖民活动。到了19世纪后期,英国直接统治了印度三分之二的领土,英国国王兼任印度皇帝。至此英国对印度的统治基本形成,这一局面一直延续到了1947年印巴独立。
Russians and Poles:1939年9月1月,纳粹德国入侵波兰。9月17日苏联出兵波兰。驻守波兰东部地区的波兰军警及官员约25万人被俘。苏联内务部奉斯大林指示对被俘波军进行政治鉴别工作,之后鉴别出的一万五千名军官后,斯大林下令将其押送到卡廷森林全部就地枪决。并且将这些栽赃给了纳粹德国,一直到1990年4月波兰总统雅鲁泽尔斯基访苏时,戈尔巴乔夫才将相关资料交给波兰领导人,至此半世纪的谎言才被揭穿。
Italians and Jugoslavs:1941年4月6日,纳粹德国对南斯拉夫发动了袭击。面对武装到牙齿的德国法西斯,南斯拉夫军队抵抗了十来天就在4月17日宣布投降了。在德国发动的这场侵略战争中,意大利作为纳粹德国的小弟,也跟着一起凑热闹,派出军队去了南斯拉夫。看看这些当年二战意大利军队在南斯拉夫的拍的照片,感觉意呆利真是名副其实。这些意大利士兵,感觉一个个玩得好嗨。后来他们的对手南斯拉夫游击队,可是厉害得很,让意大利人吃了不少苦头。在南斯拉夫,一名被游击队俘虏的德军军官十分惊讶地问:“你们哪来的反坦克炮啊?”当游击队员告诉他是从他们的盟军——意大利人手里缴获的后,他感慨不已:“唉!这些可爱的意大利人。”南斯拉夫游击队都感慨,他们是来负责搞笑的。
(9)I hope, therefore, that we shan't follow up the visit of the Dynamos by sending a British team to the USSR. If we must do so, then let us send a second-rate team which is sure to be beaten and cannot be claimed to represent Britain as a whole. There are quite enough real causes of trouble already, and we need not add to them by encouraging young men to kick each other on the shins amid the roars of infuriated spectators.
因此我希望,不必礼尚往来,再派一队英国队员去俄国了。就算必须要送的话,还是派一支二流球队比较好,他们必输无疑,也就没法说明“正宗英国队”究竟是什么样。现在国际间的矛盾已经很复杂了,我们没必要火上浇油,还让年轻人在观众的怒吼中与对方争的你死我活。
战争是老头子的游戏,却要年轻人送命!赫伯特·胡佛
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